Regarding His statement , "And know that whatever you take as spoils of war, a fifth of it belongs to Allah" [Anfal 8:41], he said, "This is the key to the speech of Allah. The world and the hereafter belong to Allah."He said, "After the death of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, they differed concerning these two shares, the share of the Messenger and the share of the near relatives.One person said, 'The share of the Messenger ﷺ goes to the caliph who succeeds him.'Another said, 'The share of the near relatives goes to the relatives of the Messenger ﷺ.'Another said, 'The share of the near relatives goes to the relatives of the caliph.'Their opinion then settled on allocating these two shares to horses and equipment in the path of Allah, and that is how they remained throughout the caliphates of Abu Bakr and Umar."
أخبرنا عمرو بن يحيى بن الحارث قال حدثنا محبوب يعني ابن موسى قال أنبأنا أبو إسحق هو الفزاري عن سفيان عن قيس بن مسلم قال
عن قوله عز وجل {واعلموا أنما غنمتم من شيء فأن لله خمسه} قال هذا مفاتح كلام الله الدنيا والآخرة لله قال اختلفوا في هذين السهمين بعد وفاة رسول الله ﷺ سهم الرسول وسهم ذي القربى فقال قائل سهم الرسول ﷺ للخليفة من بعده وقال قائل سهم ذي القربى لقرابة الرسول ﷺ وقال قائل سهم ذي القربى لقرابة الخليفة فاجتمع رأيهم على أن جعلوا هذين السهمين في الخيل والعدة في سبيل الله فكانا في ذلك خلافة أبي بكر وعمر
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Sourcing, [sahih]. Bayhaqi narrated it, 6/338, from the hadith of Sufyan Thawri through this route, and Abu Naeem and Abu Usamah followed him, narrating from Qays through this route, as found in Ibn Abu Hatim's Tafsir, 5/1704, hadith no. 9091. The hadith has corroborating narrations, and it is also found in Siyar by Fazari, no. 537.