The Prophet ﷺ said, "The Friday prayer in congregation is an obligation upon every Muslim, except for four: an owned slave, a woman, a child, or someone who is ill."
عن النبي ﷺ قال: الجمعة حق واجب على كل مسلم في جماعة إلا أربعة: عبد مملوك، أو امرأة، أو صبي، أو مريض.
Abu Dawud (1067) narrated it from Abbas bin Abdul-Azim, who said, Ishaq bin Mansur told me, who said, Hurayim told us, from Ibrahim bin Muhammad bin Muntashir, from Qays bin Muslim, from Tariq bin Shihab, and he mentioned it. Abu Dawud said, "Tariq bin Shihab saw the Prophet ﷺ, but did not hear anything from him directly."I say, Tariq bin Shihab's status as a companion is established, so at most there is a companion between him and the Prophet ﷺ. This is called the mursal of a companion, and it is considered authoritative by the majority of scholars.Hakim narrated it (1/288) via Abbas bin Abdul-Azim, and in his version he placed Abu Musa between him and the Prophet ﷺ. He said, "It is sahih according to the criterion of the two Shaykhs, for they both relied on Hurayim bin Sufyan as evidence." But Bayhaqi said (1/172), "The mention of Abu Musa Ashari in it is not preserved. Others besides Abbas narrated it from Ishaq without mentioning Abu Musa."It is also narrated from Abu Musa Ashari, who said, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "Allah will bring forth the days on the Day of Resurrection in their ordinary form, but he will bring forth Friday radiant and luminous, and its people will crowd around it like a bride being led to her noble husband. It will shine for them, and they will walk in its light. Their complexions will be as white as snow, and their scent will radiate like musk. They will wade through mountains of camphor, and the two weighty creations will gaze at them without blinking, in amazement, until they enter Paradise. None will mingle with them except the muezzins who called to prayer seeking only reward."This was narrated by Ibn Khuzayma (1730), Hakim (1/277), and Bayhaqi in Shuab (2779), all of them via Abu Muayd Hafs bin Ghaylan, from Tawus, from Abu Musa Ashari, who said it as mentioned. Hakim said, "This is a shaadh hadith with a sahih chain of transmission."I say, Ubayda bin Hassan also narrated it from Tawus in similar fashion, as mentioned by Ibn Abu Hatim. Abu Hatim was asked about this hadith and said, "Both versions are mursal, because Abu Muayd did not meet Tawus, and likewise Ubayda bin Hassan did not meet Tawus. This hadith comes from the hadith of Muhammad bin Saeed Shami, who is matruk al-hadith." Ilal Ibn Abu Hatim (594).Ibn Khuzayma said, "Even if the report is sound, I still have reservations about this chain of transmission," meaning he did not affirm with certainty that its chain was sound. As for the hadith of Muhammad bin Saeed Shami mentioned by Abu Hatim, I have not come across it.As for what is narrated from Abdullah bin Umar as a marfu report, "The Friday prayer is obligatory upon everyone who hears the call to prayer," it is daif. Abu Dawud narrated it (1056), and its chain contains Abu Salama bin Nabih and Abdullah bin Harun, both of whom are unknown.Likewise, what is narrated from Abu Hurairah, who said, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "Five have no obligation of Friday prayer, the woman, the traveler, the slave, the child, and the desert dwellers," is daif. It was narrated by Tabarani (Majma Bahrain 942), and its chain contains his teacher Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Hajjaj bin Rushdin, who is daif and was accused of lying by some, along with Ibrahim bin Hammad Ibn Abu Hazim Madini, who is also daif.