The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said:Musa said, "My Lord, show us Adam, the one who expelled us and himself from Paradise."So Allah showed him Adam. Musa said, "Are you our father Adam?"Adam replied, "Yes."Musa said, "Are you the one into whom Allah breathed of His spirit, taught all the names, and commanded the angels to prostrate before you?"Adam answered, "Yes."Musa asked, "Then what made you expel us and yourself from Paradise?"Adam said to him, "And who are you?"He replied, "I am Musa."Adam said, "Are you the prophet of the Children of Israil to whom Allah spoke from behind the veil, placing no messenger from His creation between you and Him?"Musa answered, "Yes."Adam asked, "Did you not find that this was written in the Book of Allah before I was created?"Musa replied, "Yes."Adam said, "Then why do you blame me for something that Allah Most High had decreed before me?"The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said at that point, "So Adam prevailed over Musa in argument, Adam prevailed over Musa in argument."
قال رسول الله ﷺ: إن موسى قال: يا رب أرنا آدم الذي أخرجنا ونفسه من الجنة، فأراه الله آدم، فقال: أنت أبونا آدم؟ فقال له آدم: نعم. قال: أنت الذي نفخ الله فيك من روحه وعلمك الأسماء كلها، وأمر الملائكة فسجدوا لك؟ قال: نعم. قال فما حملك على أن أخرجتنا ونفسك من الجنة؟ فقال له آدم: ومن أنت؟ قال: أنا موسي. قال: أنت نبي بني إسرائيل الذي كلمك الله من وراء الحجاب لم يجعل بينك وبينه رسولا من خلقه؟ قال: نعم. قال أفما وجدت أن ذلك كان في كتاب الله قبل أن أخلق؟ قال: نعم. قال: فيم تلومني في شيء سبق من الله تعالى فيه القضاء قبلي؟ قال رسول الله ﷺ عند ذلك: فحج آدم موسى، فحج آدم موسى.
Reported by Abu Dawud (4702) from Ahmad bin Salih, who said, Ibn Wahb narrated to us, Hisham bin Saad informed me, from Zayd bin Aslam, from his father, that Umar bin Khattab said (then he mentioned it). This hadith was also transmitted by Ibn Wahb in Qadr (3), and through his route by Firyabi in Qadr (117), Ibn Abu Asim in Sunnah (137), Ibn Khuzayma in Tawhid (278), and Darimi in Radd Ali Jahmiya (294). Its chain is hasan because of Hisham bin Saad, since there is disagreement about him. Ibn Main and Nasai judged him daif, while others accepted him as reliable, and he is "truthful but has lapses," as Ibn Hajar said in Taqrib.On this subject there is also a report from Jundab bin Abdullah, that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "Adam and Musa argued with each other. Musa said, 'You are Adam, whom Allah created with His own hand, made His angels prostrate to you, and settled you in His Paradise, yet you brought people out of Paradise?' Adam said, 'You are Musa, to whom Allah spoke directly, and to whom He gave the Torah. Are you blaming me for something that was already decreed for me before He created me?'" The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "So Adam won the argument against Musa." In another version, he said, meaning Adam, "So am I to be blamed before I was even created?"This was reported by Imam Ahmad (9990), Abu Yaala (1528), and Tabarani (1663), and it was also reported by Firyabi in Qadr (119), Ibn Abu Asim in Sunnah (143), and Lalikai in Itiqad (1036), all of them through various routes from Hammad bin Salama, from Humayd, from Hasan, from Jundab bin Abdullah, who mentioned the hadith. But Hasan is a mudallis, and here he uses ambiguous transmission wording without clearly stating direct narration, and I have not found any explicit statement confirming direct transmission.As for the statement of Haythami in Majma (1917), "Reported by Abu Yaala and Ahmad in similar wording, and Tabarani, and their narrators are the narrators of sahih hadith," this does not prove that the chain is unbroken. Some narrators inserted "Anas bin Malik" between Hasan and Jundab, as found in Khatib's Tarikh Baghdad (4/349), but this is a mistake on their part.In summary, the hadith about the argument between Adam and Musa, peace be upon them, is established by consensus. It was narrated by Abu Hurairah, and from him a group of the successors transmitted it. Ibn Hajar traced its transmission and said, "We have found it coming to us through ten different routes from Abu Hurairah." It was also narrated from Abu Saeed Khudri, Umar bin Khattab, and others. Ibn Hajar attributed the narration of Jundab bin Abdullah to Nasai, and the narration of Abu Saeed to Bazzar, without passing judgment on either of them, but he quoted Ibn Abdul-Barr as saying, "It has also been narrated from the Prophet ﷺ through other routes, transmitted by trustworthy and reliable leading scholars." See Fath al-Bari (11/506).