Umar bin Khattab reported,

On the day of Badr, the Prophet ﷺ looked at his companions, who numbered just over three hundred, then looked at the polytheists, who were over a thousand. The Prophet ﷺ turned toward the qiblah, stretched out his hands while wearing his cloak and lower garment, and said, "O Allah, where is what You promised me? O Allah, fulfill what You promised me. O Allah, if You destroy this band from the people of Islam, You will never be worshipped on earth again."He kept calling upon his Lord for help and supplicating until his cloak fell from his shoulders. Abu Bakr came to him, picked up the cloak, placed it back on him, then embraced him from behind and said, "Prophet of Allah, your appeal to your Lord is enough. He will surely fulfill what He promised you."Then Allah revealed, "When you sought help from your Lord, and He answered you, 'I will reinforce you with a thousand angels in succession.'" [Anfal 8:9]When that day came and the two sides met, Allah defeated the polytheists. Seventy of them were killed and seventy were taken captive. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ consulted Abu Bakr, Ali, and Umar .Abu Bakr said, "Prophet of Allah, these are our cousins, our kinsmen, and our brothers. My view is that you accept ransom from them, so that what we take will strengthen us against the disbelievers, and perhaps Allah will guide them and they will become a support for us."The Messenger of Allah ﷺ then asked, "What is your view, son of Khattab?"Umar said, "I said, 'By Allah, I do not hold the view that Abu Bakr holds. Rather, my view is that you let me deal with so-and-so,' a relative of Umar's, 'so I may strike off his head, and let Ali deal with Aqeel so he may strike off his head, and let Hamza deal with so-and-so, his brother, so he may strike off his head, until Allah knows there is no leniency in our hearts toward the polytheists. These are their chiefs, leaders, and commanders.'"The Messenger of Allah ﷺ inclined to what Abu Bakr said and did not incline to what I said, so he took the ransom from them.The next day, Umar said, "I went early to the Prophet ﷺ and found him seated with Abu Bakr , and the two of them were weeping. I said, 'Messenger of Allah, tell me what is making you and your companion weep. If I find cause to weep, I will weep, and if not, I will pretend to weep along with your weeping.'"The Prophet ﷺ said, "It is because of what your companions proposed to me regarding the ransom. Your punishment was shown to me as close as this tree," referring to a nearby tree.Then Allah revealed, "It is not for a prophet to have captives until he has thoroughly subdued the land," up to His words, "Had there not been a prior decree from Allah, a great punishment would have afflicted you for what you took" [Anfal 8:67–68], meaning the ransom. Then Allah made the spoils of war lawful for them.When the day of Uhud came the following year, they were punished for what they had done on the day of Badr in taking the ransom. Seventy of them were killed, the companions of the Prophet ﷺ fled from him, his front tooth was broken, the helmet was smashed on his head, and blood flowed down his face. Then Allah the Exalted revealed, "Or when a calamity struck you, though you had struck the enemy with one twice as great" [Aal Imran 3:165], the verse, because of your taking the ransom.

حدثنا أبو نوح قراد أنبأنا عكرمة بن عمار حدثنا سماك الحنفي أبو زميل حدثني ابن عباس حدثني

عمر بن الخطاب رضي الله عنه قال

لما كان يوم بدر قال نظر النبي ﷺ إلى أصحابه وهم ثلاث مائة ونيف ونظر إلى المشركين فإذا هم ألف وزيادة فاستقبل النبي ﷺ القبلة ثم مد يديه وعليه رداؤه وإزاره ثم قال اللهم أين ما وعدتني اللهم أنجز ما وعدتني اللهم إنك إن تهلك هذه العصابة من أهل الإسلام فلا تعبد في الأرض أبدا قال فما زال يستغيث ربه عز وجل ويدعوه حتى سقط رداؤه فأتاه أبو بكر رضي الله عنه فأخذ رداءه فرداه ثم التزمه من ورائه ثم قال يا نبي الله كفاك مناشدتك ربك فإنه سينجز لك ما وعدك وأنزل الله عز وجل {إذ تستغيثون ربكم فاستجاب لكم أني ممدكم بألف من الملائكة مردفين} فلما كان يومئذ والتقوا فهزم الله عز وجل المشركين فقتل منهم سبعون رجلا وأسر منهم سبعون رجلا فاستشار رسول الله ﷺ أبا بكر وعليا وعمر رضي الله عنهم فقال أبو بكر رضي الله عنه يا نبي الله هؤلاء بنو العم والعشيرة والإخوان فإني أرى أن تأخذ منهم الفدية فيكون ما أخذنا منهم قوة لنا على الكفار وعسى الله أن يهديهم فيكونون لنا عضدا فقال رسول الله ﷺ ما ترى يا ابن الخطاب قال قلت والله ما أرى ما رأى أبو بكر رضي الله عنه ولكني أرى أن تمكنني من فلان قريبا لعمر فأضرب عنقه وتمكن عليا رضي الله عنه من عقيل فيضرب عنقه وتمكن حمزة من فلان أخيه فيضرب عنقه حتى يعلم الله أنه ليست في قلوبنا هوادة للمشركين هؤلاء صناديدهم وأئمتهم وقادتهم فهوي رسول الله ﷺ ما قال أبو بكر رضي الله عنه ولم يهو ما قلت فأخذ منهم الفداء فلما أن كان من الغد قال عمر رضي الله عنه غدوت إلى النبي ﷺ فإذا هو قاعد وأبو بكر رضي الله عنه وإذا هما يبكيان فقلت يا رسول الله أخبرني ماذا يبكيك أنت وصاحبك فإن وجدت بكاء بكيت وإن لم أجد بكاء تباكيت لبكائكما قال فقال النبي ﷺ الذي عرض علي أصحابك من الفداء لقد عرض علي عذابكم أدنى من هذه الشجرة لشجرة قريبة وأنزل الله عز وجل {ما كان لنبي أن يكون له أسرى حتى يثخن في الأرض} إلى قوله {لولا كتاب من الله سبق لمسكم فيما أخذتم} من الفداء ثم أحل لهم الغنائم فلما كان يوم أحد من العام المقبل عوقبوا بما صنعوا يوم بدر من أخذهم الفداء فقتل منهم سبعون وفر أصحاب النبي ﷺ عن النبي ﷺ وكسرت رباعيته وهشمت البيضة على رأسه وسال الدم على وجهه وأنزل الله تعالى {أولما أصابتكم مصيبة قد أصبتم مثليها} الآية بأخذكم الفداء