The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said on the day of Badr, "Whoever does such and such will receive such and such as a reward from the spoils."The young men rushed forward, while the older men stayed behind to guard the banners and did not leave them. When Allah granted them victory, the older men said, "We were a support for you. Had you been routed, you would have fallen back to us. So do not take all the spoils and leave us with nothing."The young men refused, saying, "The Messenger of Allah ﷺ assigned them to us."Then Allah revealed, "They ask you about the spoils of war. Say, 'The spoils belong to Allah and the Messenger.' So fear Allah and set right the affairs between you, and obey Allah and His Messenger if you are believers" [Anfal 8:1].He says, that was better for them. Likewise, obey me, for I know better than you what the outcome of this matter will be.In another wording, "Whoever kills an enemy combatant will receive such and such, and whoever takes a captive will receive such and such."Wazad added in one narration, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ then divided the spoils equally among them.
قال رسول الله ﷺ يوم بدر: من فعل كذا وكذا فله من النفل كذا وكذا قال: فتقدم الفتيان ولزم المشيخة الرايات، فلم يبرحوها فلما فتح الله عليهم قال المشيخة: كنا ردءا لكم لو انهزمتم لفئتم إلينا فلا تذهبوا بالمغنم ونبقى، فأبى الفتيان وقالوا: جعله رسول الله ﷺ لنا فأنزل {يسلونك عن الأنفال قل الأنفال لله والرسول فاتقوا الله وأصلحوا ذات بينكم وأطيعوا الله ورسوله إن كنتم مؤمنين ا} يقول: فكان ذلك خيرا لهم، فكذلك أيضا فأطيعوني؛ فإني أعلم بعاقبة هذا منكم. وفي لفظ: من قتل قتيلا فله كذا وكذا، ومن أسر أسيرا فله كذاوكذا. وزاد في رواية: فقسمها رسول الله ﷺ بالسواء.
Abu Dawud (2737), and Hakim (2/131–132), and from him Bayhaqi (6/291), both narrated it through the route of Khalid bin Abdullah Wasiti, from Dawud bin Abu Hind, from Ikrima, from Ibn Abbas, and he related it. Hakim said, "This is a sahih hadith, for Bukhari relied on Ikrima as evidence, and Muslim relied on Dawud bin Abu Hind as evidence." Dhahabi said, "It meets the standard of Bukhari."As for the additional wording mentioned in two versions, Abu Dawud (2738, 2739) and Bayhaqi (6/315, 6/292) narrated it through routes from Dawud bin Abu Hind with the same chain, and its isnad is also sahih.On this subject there is also a report from Samura bin Jundab, who said, the Messenger of Allah said, "Whoever kills an enemy combatant keeps his spoils." Ibn Majah (2838) and Ahmad (2044) narrated it through the route of Abu Muawiya, who said, Abu Malik Ashjai narrated to us, from Naeem bin Abu Hind, from the son of Samura bin Jundab, from his father, and he related it.Its isnad contains "the son of Samura bin Jundab," and some narrators have omitted him, but the correct position is to affirm his presence, as Abu Hatim Razi stated, according to what his son quoted from him in al-Ilal (928). This son of Samura is said to be Sulayman. Tabarani recorded it in al-Kabir (7/295) under his biographical entry, "Sulayman bin Samura, from his father," and mentioned several routes for it, in some of which it appears that he is Sulayman, though these routes are not free from criticism. Sulayman bin Samura was not deemed reliable by anyone except Ibn Hibban, who listed him among the trustworthy narrators. For this reason Ibn Hajar said in al-Taqrib, "Acceptable," meaning when corroborated, and I have not found any corroboration for him, so his hadith is weak in transmission. And Allah knows best.