I came to Ibn Umar at al-Balat while the people were praying. I asked him, "Won't you pray with them?"He replied, "I have already prayed. I heard the Messenger of Allah ﷺ say, 'Do not perform the same prayer twice in one day.'"
أتيت ابن عمر على البلاط وهم يصلون، فقلت: ألا تصلي معهم؟ قال: قد صليت، إني سمعت رسول الله ﷺ يقول: لا تصلوا صلاة في يوم مرتين.
Abu Dawud (579) and Nasai (860) both narrated it via the route of Husayn al-Muallim, from Amr bin Shuayb, from Sulayman bin Yasar, who narrated the same. Its isnad is hasan because of Amr bin Shuayb.Ibn Khuzayma (1641) and Ibn Hibban (2396) also narrated it via the route of Husayn, who is Ibn Zakwan al-Muallim, with the same wording, and Amr bin Shuayb explicitly stated that he heard this hadith from Sulayman bin Yasar. Imam Ahmad (4689) narrated it from Yahya bin Saeed, from Husayn al-Muallim, with the same wording.Ibn Hibban said, "Amr bin Shuayb is himself trustworthy, and his report can be relied upon when he narrates from someone other than his father. As for his narration from his father, from his grandfather, it is not free from disconnection and irsal in it, so for that reason we did not rely on anything of it."There is some question regarding what he said about his narration from his father, from his grandfather. Bukhari, may Allah have mercy on him, said, "I saw Ahmad bin Hanbal, Ali bin Madini, Ishaq bin Rahawayh, Abu Ubayd, and the majority of our companions relying on the hadith of Amr bin Shuayb, from his father, from his grandfather. No one among the Muslims abandoned it." Bukhari said, "So who are the people after them?" End of quote.As for the meaning of the hadith, Ibn Abdul-Barr said in Istidhkar (5/357–358), "Ahmad bin Hanbal and Ishaq bin Rahawayh agreed that the meaning of the statement of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, 'Do not pray a prayer twice in one day,' is that a man prays an obligatory prayer that is due upon him, then after finishing it he gets up and repeats it again as an obligation as well. As for one who prays the second prayer with the congregation intending it as a voluntary prayer, following the example of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ in his instruction to do so, and his ﷺ statement to those whom he instructed to repeat the prayer in congregation, 'It is a voluntary prayer for you,' then such a person is not among those who repeat the prayer twice in one day, because the first is obligatory and the second is voluntary."See further, Minna Kubra (2/96).