Abdullah bin Abbas reported,

Allah revealed, "And whoever does not judge by what Allah has revealed, they are the disbelievers" and "they are the wrongdoers" and "they are the defiantly disobedient" [Maidah 5:44–47].Ibn Abbas said, "Allah revealed these verses concerning two groups of the Jews. One of them had subjugated the other during the Days of Ignorance, until they agreed, or made a settlement, that for every person killed by the dominant tribe from the subjugated tribe, the blood-money would be fifty wasqs, and for every person killed by the subjugated tribe from the dominant tribe, the blood-money would be one hundred wasqs. They continued on this arrangement until the Prophet ﷺ arrived in Medina. Both groups submitted to the arrival of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, though at that time he had not yet gained the upper hand over them nor imposed anything upon them, and he was at peace with them.Then the subjugated tribe killed a man from the dominant tribe, so the dominant tribe sent word to the subjugated one saying, 'Send us one hundred wasqs.'The subjugated tribe replied, 'Has there ever been such a thing between two tribes whose religion is one, whose lineage is one, and whose land is one, that the blood-money of some is half the blood-money of others? We only gave you this out of the oppression you imposed upon us and our fear of you. But now that Muhammad has arrived, we will not give you that.'War nearly broke out between them, but then they agreed to make the Messenger of Allah ﷺ the arbiter between them. Then the dominant tribe reconsidered and said, 'By Allah, Muhammad will not give you from them double of what he gives them from you. They have spoken the truth. They only gave us this out of oppression from us and our domination over them. So send to Muhammad someone who can find out his opinion for you. If he gives you what you want, accept his judgment, and if he does not give it to you, be on your guard and do not accept his judgment.'So they sent some hypocrites to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ to find out his opinion for them. When they came to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, Allah informed His Messenger of their entire affair and what they intended. So Allah revealed, "Messenger, let not those who hasten into disbelief grieve you, from among those who say 'We believe'..." up to His statement, "And whoever does not judge by what Allah has revealed, they are the defiantly disobedient" [Maidah 5:41–47]."Then he said, "By Allah, it was concerning these two groups that the verses were revealed, and them Allah meant."

حدثنا إبراهيم بن أبي العباس حدثنا عبد الرحمن بن أبي الزناد عن أبيه عن عبيد الله بن عبد الله بن عتبة بن مسعود

عن ابن عباس قال

إن الله عز وجل أنزل {ومن لم يحكم بما أنزل الله فأولئك هم الكافرون} و {أولئك هم الظالمون} و {أولئك هم الفاسقون} قال قال ابن عباس أنزلها الله في الطائفتين من اليهود وكانت إحداهما قد قهرت الأخرى في الجاهلية حتى ارتضوا أو اصطلحوا على أن كل قتيل قتله العزيزة من الذليلة فديته خمسون وسقا وكل قتيل قتله الذليلة من العزيزة فديته مائة وسق فكانوا على ذلك حتى قدم النبي ﷺ المدينة فذلت الطائفتان كلتاهما لمقدم رسول الله ﷺ ويومئذ لم يظهر ولم يوطئهما عليه وهو في الصلح فقتلت الذليلة من العزيزة قتيلا فأرسلت العزيزة إلى الذليلة أن ابعثوا إلينا بمائة وسق فقالت الذليلة وهل كان هذا في حيين قط دينهما واحد ونسبهما واحد وبلدهما واحد دية بعضهم نصف دية بعض إنا إنما أعطيناكم هذا ضيما منكم لنا وفرقا منكم فأما إذ قدم محمد فلا نعطيكم ذلك فكادت الحرب تهيج بينهما ثم ارتضوا على أن يجعلوا رسول الله ﷺ بينهم ثم ذكرت العزيزة فقالت والله ما محمد بمعطيكم منهم ضعف ما يعطيهم منكم ولقد صدقوا ما أعطونا هذا إلا ضيما منا وقهرا لهم فدسوا إلى محمد من يخبر لكم رأيه إن أعطاكم ما تريدون حكمتموه وإن لم يعطكم حذرتم فلم تحكموه فدسوا إلى رسول الله ﷺ ناسا من المنافقين ليخبروا لهم رأي رسول الله ﷺ فلما جاء رسول الله ﷺ أخبر الله رسوله بأمرهم كله وما أرادوا فأنزل الله عز وجل {يا أيها الرسول لا يحزنك الذين يسارعون في الكفر من الذين قالوا آمنا} إلى قوله {ومن لم يحكم بما أنزل الله فأولئك هم الفاسقون} ثم قال فيهما والله نزلت وإياهما عنى الله عز وجل