Umar bin Khattab reported,

On the day of Badr, the Prophet ﷺ looked at his companions, who numbered just over three hundred, and looked at the polytheists, who numbered more than a thousand. The Prophet ﷺ turned to face the qiblah, then stretched out his hands, wearing his cloak and lower garment, and said, "O Allah, where is what You promised me? O Allah, fulfill what You promised me. O Allah, if this band of Muslims is destroyed, You will not be worshipped on earth ever again."He kept calling upon his Lord and beseeching Him until his cloak fell from his shoulders. Abu Bakr came, picked up the cloak, placed it back on him, and embraced him from behind, saying, "Prophet of Allah, your appeal to your Lord is enough. He will surely fulfill what He promised you."Then Allah Most High revealed, "When you sought help from your Lord and He answered you, 'I will reinforce you with a thousand angels in succession.'" [Anfal 8:9]When the two sides met that day, Allah defeated the polytheists. Seventy of them were killed and seventy were taken captive. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ consulted Abu Bakr, Ali, and Umar.Abu Bakr said, "Prophet of Allah, these are our cousins, our kinsmen, and our brothers. My view is that you accept ransom from them, so that what we take from them strengthens us against the disbelievers. Perhaps Allah will guide them, and they will become a support for us."The Messenger of Allah ﷺ then asked, "What do you think, son of Khattab?"Umar said, I replied, "By Allah, I do not hold the view that Abu Bakr holds. Rather, I think you should hand over so-and-so, a relative of mine, to me so I can strike his neck. Hand Aqeel over to Ali so he can strike his neck. Hand so-and-so, his brother, over to Hamza so he can strike his neck, until Allah knows that there is no leniency in our hearts toward the polytheists. These are their chiefs, leaders, and commanders."The Messenger of Allah ﷺ inclined toward what Abu Bakr said and did not incline toward what I said. He accepted ransom from them.The next day, Umar said, I went to the Prophet ﷺ and found him sitting with Abu Bakr, both of them weeping. I said, "Messenger of Allah, tell me what is making you and your companion weep. If I find cause to weep, I will weep, and if not, I will pretend to weep along with your weeping."The Prophet ﷺ said, "It is over what your companions proposed regarding the ransom. Your punishment was shown to me, closer than this tree," pointing to a nearby tree.Allah Most High revealed, "It is not for a prophet to have captives until he has subdued the land," until His words, "a great punishment would have touched you for what you took" [Anfal 8:67–68], referring to the ransom. Then He made the spoils lawful for them.When the day of Uhud came the following year, they were punished for what they had done on the day of Badr in taking the ransom. Seventy of them were killed, the Prophet's ﷺ companions fled from him, his front tooth was broken, his helmet was shattered upon his head, and blood flowed down his face. So Allah revealed, "Or when a disaster struck you, although you had struck them with one twice as great," until His words, "Indeed, Allah is over all things competent" [Aal Imran 3:165], because of your taking the ransom.

حدثنا أبو نوح قراد حدثنا عكرمة بن عمار حدثنا سماك الحنفي أبو زميل حدثني ابن عباس

حدثني عمر قال

لما كان يوم بدر قال نظر النبي ﷺ إلى أصحابه وهم ثلاث مائة ونيف ونظر إلى المشركين فإذا هم ألف وزيادة فاستقبل النبي ﷺ القبلة ثم مد يده وعليه رداؤه وإزاره ثم قال اللهم أين ما وعدتني اللهم أنجز ما وعدتني اللهم إن تهلك هذه العصابة من أهل الإسلام فلا تعبد في الأرض أبدا قال فما زال يستغيث ربه ويدعوه حتى سقط رداؤه فأتاه أبو بكر فأخذ رداءه فرداه ثم التزمه من ورائه ثم قال يا نبي الله كفاك مناشدتك ربك فإنه سينجز لك ما وعدك وأنزل الله تعالى {إذ تستغيثون ربكم فاستجاب لكم أني ممدكم بألف من الملائكة مردفين} فلما كان يومئذ والتقوا فهزم الله المشركين فقتل منهم سبعون رجلا وأسر منهم سبعون رجلا فاستشار رسول الله ﷺ أبا بكر وعليا وعمر فقال أبو بكر يا نبي الله هؤلاء بنو العم والعشيرة والإخوان فأنا أرى أن تأخذ منهم الفداء فيكون ما أخذنا منهم قوة لنا على الكفار وعسى الله عز وجل أن يهديهم فيكونون لنا عضدا فقال رسول الله ﷺ ما ترى يا ابن الخطاب فقال قلت والله ما أرى ما رأى أبو بكر ولكني أرى أن تمكنني من فلان قريب لعمر فأضرب عنقه وتمكن عليا من عقيل فيضرب عنقه وتمكن حمزة من فلان أخيه فيضرب عنقه حتى يعلم الله أنه ليس في قلوبنا هوادة للمشركين هؤلاء صناديدهم وأئمتهم وقادتهم فهوي رسول الله ﷺ ما قال أبو بكر ولم يهو ما قلت فأخذ منهم الفداء فلما كان من الغد قال عمر رضي الله عنه غدوت إلى النبي ﷺ فإذا هو قاعد وأبو بكر وإذا هما يبكيان فقلت يا رسول الله أخبرني ماذا يبكيك أنت وصاحبك فإن وجدت بكاء بكيت وإن لم أجد بكاء تباكيت لبكائكما قال قال النبي ﷺ الذي عرض علي أصحابك من الفداء ولقد عرض علي عذابكم أدنى من هذه الشجرة لشجرة قريبة وأنزل الله تعالى {ما كان لنبي أن يكون له أسرى حتى يثخن في الأرض} إلى قوله {لمسكم فيما أخذتم} من الفداء ثم أحل لهم الغنائم فلما كان يوم أحد من العام المقبل عوقبوا بما صنعوا يوم بدر من أخذهم الفداء فقتل منهم سبعون وفر أصحاب النبي ﷺ عن النبي ﷺ وكسرت رباعيته وهشمت البيضة على رأسه وسال الدم على وجهه فأنزل الله {أولما أصابتكم مصيبة قد أصبتم مثليها} إلى قوله {إن الله على كل شيء قدير} بأخذكم الفداء