A man came to the Prophet ﷺ and asked, "How should one fast?"The Messenger of Allah ﷺ became angry. When Umar saw his anger, he said, "We are pleased with Allah as our Lord, with Islam as our religion, and with Muhammad as our Prophet. We seek refuge in Allah from the anger of Allah and the anger of His Messenger."Umar
kept repeating these words until the Prophet's anger subsided.Then Umar said, "Messenger of Allah, what about one who fasts every day of his life?"He replied, "He has neither fasted nor broken his fast," or he said, "He did not fast and did not break his fast."Umar asked, "What about one who fasts two days and breaks his fast for one?"He answered, "Can anyone manage that?"Umar asked, "What about one who fasts a day and breaks his fast a day?"He said, "That is the fast of Dawud
."Umar asked, "What about one who fasts a day and breaks his fast for two?"He said, "I wish I had the strength for that."Then the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, "Three days of every month, and Ramadan to Ramadan, this is fasting all the time. Fasting the day of Arafah, I expect from Allah that it will expiate the year before it and the year after it. And fasting the day of Ashura, I expect from Allah that it will expiate the year before it."
و حدثنا يحيى بن يحيى التميمي وقتيبة بن سعيد جميعا عن حماد قال يحيى أخبرنا حماد بن زيد عن غيلان عن عبد الله بن معبد الزماني
رجل أتى النبي ﷺ فقال كيف تصوم فغضب رسول الله ﷺ فلما رأى عمر رضي الله عنه غضبه قال رضينا بالله ربا وبالإسلام دينا وبمحمد نبيا نعوذ بالله من غضب الله وغضب رسوله فجعل عمر رضي الله عنه يردد هذا الكلام حتى سكن غضبه فقال عمر يا رسول الله كيف بمن يصوم الدهر كله قال لا صام ولا أفطر أو قال لم يصم ولم يفطر قال كيف من يصوم يومين ويفطر يوما قال ويطيق ذلك أحد قال كيف من يصوم يوما ويفطر يوما قال ذاك صوم داود عليه السلام قال كيف من يصوم يوما ويفطر يومين قال وددت أني طوقت ذلك ثم قال رسول الله ﷺ ثلاث من كل شهر ورمضان إلى رمضان فهذا صيام الدهر كله صيام يوم عرفة أحتسب على الله أن يكفر السنة التي قبله والسنة التي بعده وصيام يوم عاشوراء أحتسب على الله أن يكفر السنة التي قبله