Abdullah bin Masud reported,

This happened because when Quraysh defied the Prophet ﷺ, he prayed against them, asking that they be afflicted with years of famine like the years of Yusuf. So drought and severe hardship struck them until they were eating bones. A man would look up at the sky and see something like smoke between himself and it, due to the intensity of his suffering. So Allah Most High revealed, "So watch for the Day when the sky will bring a visible smoke covering the people. This is a painful punishment" [Dukhan 44:10–11].Then someone came to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and said, "Messenger of Allah, pray to Allah for rain for Mudar, for they are perishing."He said, "For Mudar? You are bold indeed."But he prayed for rain for them, and they were given rain. Then was revealed, "Indeed, you will return" [Dukhan 44:15].When they enjoyed ease again, they returned to their former state once prosperity reached them. So Allah revealed, "The Day We will strike with the greatest assault, indeed, We will take retribution" [Dukhan 44:16]. He said, this refers to the Day of Badr.

حدثنا يحيى حدثنا أبو معاوية عن الأعمش عن مسلم عن مسروق قال قال

عبد الله

إنما كان هذا لأن قريشا لما استعصوا على النبي ﷺ دعا عليهم بسنين كسني يوسف فأصابهم قحط وجهد حتى أكلوا العظام فجعل الرجل ينظر إلى السماء فيرى ما بينه وبينها كهيئة الدخان من الجهد فأنزل الله تعالى {فارتقب يوم تأتي السماء بدخان مبين يغشى الناس هذا عذاب أليم} قال فأتي رسول الله ﷺ فقيل له يا رسول الله استسق الله لمضر فإنها قد هلكت قال لمضر إنك لجريء فاستسقى لهم فسقوا فنزلت {إنكم عائدون} فلما أصابتهم الرفاهية عادوا إلى حالهم حين أصابتهم الرفاهية فأنزل الله عز وجل {يوم نبطش البطشة الكبرى إنا منتقمون} قال يعني يوم بدر